The Incident Command System $($ICS$),$ common to firefighting, is an example of:

Strict hierarchical, command$-$and$-$control approaches are more appropriate to smaller disaster operations that involve only one or two jurisdictions when intergovernmental and organizational relationships are relatively clear and operational conceras are relatively narrow.

Nonprofit sector participants consisting of local community groups and organizations that specialize in providing emergency services.

Grassroots local$-$level coordination of response volunteers during disasters and emergencies

Private sector participants serving victims of disasters, educating the public about hazards, and communicating information to the public concerning appropriate preparedness measures, disaster warnings, and evacuation information.