The next questions are based on the data shown below for 10 parenting-class group members who completed a parenting skills scale before entering the group and after completing the group. Parenting skills scores can range from 10 (very low skills) to 50 (very high skills). Be sure to use the helpful information posted below right.

VARIABLE VIEW
Name	Label	Values
ID	ID number	none
age	age	none
gender	gender	0 = female, 1 = male
kids	number of children	none
cpss1	Pre-test Client Parenting Skills score	none
cpss2	Post-test Client Parenting Skills score	none

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DATA VIEW					Helpful Information: Low to High Values
ID	age	gender	kids	cpss1	cpss2		age	kids	cpss1	cpss2
1	22	1	1	38	45		18	1	11	22
2	18	0	3	22	30		19	1	22	25
3	34	1	2	11	25		19	2	22	30
4	22	1	1	43	44		20	2	36	38
5	19	0	2	22	22		22	2	38	38
6	38	0	2	41	48		22	2	38	44
7	19	0	4	39	38		25	3	39	45
8	20	0	2	36	38		33	3	40	45
9	33	1	5	40	45		34	4	41	45
10	25	0	3	38	45		38	5	43	48
						Totals	250	25	330	380

Answer these questions:

1. Would the change in parenting-skills scores be considered statistically significant?

2. What type of t-test (paired t-test or independent samples) was used to compare pre- and post-test scores for the parents?

3. The mean post-test score on the parenting skills scale was 39 for the fathers; the mean post-test score for the mothers was 37. A t-test comparison of those scores shows a significance level of p = 0.657. What does that tell you about whether the fathers' parenting-skills scores would be considered significantly higher than those of the mothers in this group?