The "off$-$by$-$one" error associated with arrays arises because

a$.$

the first array index is $0$ and programmers may start at index $1$ or may use a loop that goes one index too far

b$.$

the last array index is at length$+1$ and loops may only iterate to length, missing one

c$.$

the last array index is at length$-1$ and loops may go one too far

d$.$

programmers write a loop that goes from $0$ to length$-1$ whereas the array actually goes from $1$ to length

e$.$

None of these; the "off$-$by$-$one" error has nothing to do with arrays

ANS: