The Roman Empire's vast trade network connected Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East for centuries. This exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies undoubtedly played a significant role in the empire's prosperity. However, some historians argue that the intensive agriculture and resource extraction practices necessitated by this expansive network also contributed to environmental degradation, which may have played a part in the empire's decline.

• How can we assess the relative impact of cultural exchange and environmental change on the rise and fall of the Roman Empire?
• Were there specific tipping points where environmental pressures became unsustainable and contributed to the empire's weakening grip on its vast territories?
• Can this historical case study offer insights into the challenges faced by modern societies grappling with globalization, resource consumption, and environmental sustainability?

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