The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR, 2015) calls for investments in digital technologies and tools to enhance societal resilience. Recent developments in digital technologies and tools offer emerging opportunities for managing disaster risk, i.e., the potential for loss or damages determined by the function of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability (Disaster risk, 2023). More specifically, digital technologies and tools hold significant potential in strengthening social capital, risk awareness, disaster preparedness, and, in the end, societal resilience (Latvakoski et al., 2022). Many scientific fields adopt the concept of resilience (Alexander, 2013), including ecology (Holling, 1973), psychology (Garmezy et al., 1984), and disaster research (Manyena, 2006). As a consequence, resilience is subject to diverse definitions and conceptualizations (see, for example, IPCC, 2014; Johansen et al., 2017; Joseph, 2018; Manyena, 2006; Morsut et al., 2021; UNDRR, 2015; Zhou et al., 2010). Some researchers suggests that resilience refers to the ability of a system to bounce back to its equilibrium (Capano and Woo, 2017; Jurgens and Helsloot, 2018). Other researchers, however, criticize the bounce back metaphor as it fails to capture changes in the social fabric that occur in the wake of a disaster (Dufty, 2012).

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