The software to be used for this assessment is Open PHA, it can be downloaded from...
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The software to be used for this assessment is Open PHA, it can be downloaded from here: https://www.kenexis.com/software/openpha/download/ Submission: Submit a document with screenshots, lists, and other relevant data for the answers. Also upload a .opha file containing all the working done in OpenPHA. Case Study: Glycol-type Gas Dehydration Process description: A natural gas stream can be dehydrated by contacting the gas with glycol. This process (see Figure 1 in appendix) is normally carried out at an elevated pressure in a vessel called a contactor or absorber. After absorbing the water, the glycol is reconcentrated by boiling off the water at atmospheric pressure in a regenerator. A pump is used to recirculate the glycol to the contactor. Inlet Scrubber: An inlet scrubber is required, either integral with the contactor or as a separate vessel upstream, to remove free liquids from the gas stream going to the contactor. The mist extractor in this vessel removes larger droplets entrained in the gas. Contactor: The contactor vessels may be categorized as to the manner in which the absorption process is accomplished. One type uses trays equipped with bubble caps, valves, other devices, to maximize gas-to glycol contact. The action of the gas flowing upward through the glycol layer on each tray creates a froth above the tray, where most of the absorption takes place. The other type of contactor is referred to as a packed tower. It is filled with packing, which has a large surface area per unit volume. Glycol flowing downward wets the entire packing surface. Absorption takes place as the gas flows upward through the packing, contacting the wetted surface. In either type of vessel, a mist extractor removes entrained glycol droplets from the dehydrated gas stream before it leaves the top of the contactor. On larger units, an optional residue gas scrubber may be justified. Rich (wet) glycol is directed from the bottom of the contactor to the regeneration system. Gas/Glycol Heat Exchanger: Absorption is improved with lower temperature glycol. A gas/glycol heat exchanger is required which uses dehydrated gas to cool the lean (dry) glycol before it enters the top of the contactor. Regeneration System: The regeneration system consists of several pieces of equipment. If glycol-gas powered pumps are installed, energy from the high pressure rich glycol along with a small amount of gas is used to pump the lean glycol. If an optional reflux coil in the still column is provided, the rich glycol flows through it before entering the glycol/glycol heat exchanger. The glycol/glycol heat exchanger serves two purposes: 1) to cool the lean glycol to a temperature as recommended by the pump manufacturer, and 2) to conserve energy by reducing the heat duty in the reboiler. Gas-Condensate-Glycol Separator: A frequently used option in regeneration systems is a gas-condensate glycol separator, and should be included when the inlet gas contains condensate. It may be located upstream or downstream of the glycol/glycol heat exchanger and usually operates at a pressure of 25-75 psig. It removes condensate from the glycol prior to the reboiler, which minimizes coking and foaming problems. The separator also captures flash gas that is liberated from the glycol and exhaust gas from the glycol-gas powered pumps, so that the gas may be used as fuel. Glycol is regulated from the separator to the reboiler by means of a level controller and dump valve. Condensate removal may be controlled automatically or manually. Reboiler: Rich glycol enters the reboiler through the still column. It is then heated to 350-400F, which causes the water that was absorbed in the contactor to vaporize. The reboiler is usually heated by combustion of natural gas, but may utilize other fuels, steam, hot oil or other heat sources. The regenerated lean glycol gravity feeds from the reboiler, through the glycol/ glycol heat exchanger, and into the pump suction for recirculation back to the contactor. Either electric, gas powered, or glycol-gas powered pumps may be used. Still Column: Water and glycol vapours from the reboiler enter the bottom of the still column, which is mounted on top of the reboiler. The bottom section contains packing, while the top section of the still column may contain a reflux coil or external fins. Reboiler vapours are cooled and partially condensed to provide reflux, which improves the separation between glycol and water. The remaining water vapour leaves the top of the still column and vents into the atmosphere. Filters and Strainers: Regeneration systems contain various types of filters and strainers. A particle filter or fine mesh strainer is required to protect the pump. To reduce foaming, an activated carbon filter may be installed to remove heavy hydrocarbons from the glycol. Operation: Routine operation of gas dehydration units primarily involves periodic visits to determine if everything is operating properly. As a minimum, the following items should be checked: a) Inlet gas temperature and flow rate b) Contactor pressure c) Reboiler temperature d) Pump operation e) Steam from still column f) Level of glycol insurge tank g) Burner flame pattern and fire tube appearance. Question 1: (18 marks) Create a risk criteria in OpenPHA by using the appropriate ranges of frequency and consequences. You are expected to create a 6 x 6 risk matrix and calibrate it by using the criteria specified in the Corporate Risk Matrix provided at the end of this exercise. Assign approximately the same colours for various risks. You are required to add definitions for all the consequence and likelihood categories, whether you will be using them in the HAZOP study or not, since this is your basis. The software to be used for this assessment is Open PHA, it can be downloaded from here: https://www.kenexis.com/software/openpha/download/ Submission: Submit a document with screenshots, lists, and other relevant data for the answers. Also upload a .opha file containing all the working done in OpenPHA. Case Study: Glycol-type Gas Dehydration Process description: A natural gas stream can be dehydrated by contacting the gas with glycol. This process (see Figure 1 in appendix) is normally carried out at an elevated pressure in a vessel called a contactor or absorber. After absorbing the water, the glycol is reconcentrated by boiling off the water at atmospheric pressure in a regenerator. A pump is used to recirculate the glycol to the contactor. Inlet Scrubber: An inlet scrubber is required, either integral with the contactor or as a separate vessel upstream, to remove free liquids from the gas stream going to the contactor. The mist extractor in this vessel removes larger droplets entrained in the gas. Contactor: The contactor vessels may be categorized as to the manner in which the absorption process is accomplished. One type uses trays equipped with bubble caps, valves, other devices, to maximize gas-to glycol contact. The action of the gas flowing upward through the glycol layer on each tray creates a froth above the tray, where most of the absorption takes place. The other type of contactor is referred to as a packed tower. It is filled with packing, which has a large surface area per unit volume. Glycol flowing downward wets the entire packing surface. Absorption takes place as the gas flows upward through the packing, contacting the wetted surface. In either type of vessel, a mist extractor removes entrained glycol droplets from the dehydrated gas stream before it leaves the top of the contactor. On larger units, an optional residue gas scrubber may be justified. Rich (wet) glycol is directed from the bottom of the contactor to the regeneration system. Gas/Glycol Heat Exchanger: Absorption is improved with lower temperature glycol. A gas/glycol heat exchanger is required which uses dehydrated gas to cool the lean (dry) glycol before it enters the top of the contactor. Regeneration System: The regeneration system consists of several pieces of equipment. If glycol-gas powered pumps are installed, energy from the high pressure rich glycol along with a small amount of gas is used to pump the lean glycol. If an optional reflux coil in the still column is provided, the rich glycol flows through it before entering the glycol/glycol heat exchanger. The glycol/glycol heat exchanger serves two purposes: 1) to cool the lean glycol to a temperature as recommended by the pump manufacturer, and 2) to conserve energy by reducing the heat duty in the reboiler. Gas-Condensate-Glycol Separator: A frequently used option in regeneration systems is a gas-condensate glycol separator, and should be included when the inlet gas contains condensate. It may be located upstream or downstream of the glycol/glycol heat exchanger and usually operates at a pressure of 25-75 psig. It removes condensate from the glycol prior to the reboiler, which minimizes coking and foaming problems. The separator also captures flash gas that is liberated from the glycol and exhaust gas from the glycol-gas powered pumps, so that the gas may be used as fuel. Glycol is regulated from the separator to the reboiler by means of a level controller and dump valve. Condensate removal may be controlled automatically or manually. Reboiler: Rich glycol enters the reboiler through the still column. It is then heated to 350-400F, which causes the water that was absorbed in the contactor to vaporize. The reboiler is usually heated by combustion of natural gas, but may utilize other fuels, steam, hot oil or other heat sources. The regenerated lean glycol gravity feeds from the reboiler, through the glycol/ glycol heat exchanger, and into the pump suction for recirculation back to the contactor. Either electric, gas powered, or glycol-gas powered pumps may be used. Still Column: Water and glycol vapours from the reboiler enter the bottom of the still column, which is mounted on top of the reboiler. The bottom section contains packing, while the top section of the still column may contain a reflux coil or external fins. Reboiler vapours are cooled and partially condensed to provide reflux, which improves the separation between glycol and water. The remaining water vapour leaves the top of the still column and vents into the atmosphere. Filters and Strainers: Regeneration systems contain various types of filters and strainers. A particle filter or fine mesh strainer is required to protect the pump. To reduce foaming, an activated carbon filter may be installed to remove heavy hydrocarbons from the glycol. Operation: Routine operation of gas dehydration units primarily involves periodic visits to determine if everything is operating properly. As a minimum, the following items should be checked: a) Inlet gas temperature and flow rate b) Contactor pressure c) Reboiler temperature d) Pump operation e) Steam from still column f) Level of glycol insurge tank g) Burner flame pattern and fire tube appearance. Question 1: (18 marks) Create a risk criteria in OpenPHA by using the appropriate ranges of frequency and consequences. You are expected to create a 6 x 6 risk matrix and calibrate it by using the criteria specified in the Corporate Risk Matrix provided at the end of this exercise. Assign approximately the same colours for various risks. You are required to add definitions for all the consequence and likelihood categories, whether you will be using them in the HAZOP study or not, since this is your basis.
Expert Answer:
Related Book For
Intermediate accounting
ISBN: 978-0077647094
7th edition
Authors: J. David Spiceland, James Sepe, Mark Nelson
Posted Date:
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