The speech is posted below. After reading it please brainstorm 2 figures of style for your classmate.

Figures of Style

Active/passive voice: "They starve everyday" instead of "They will starve every day."

Alliteration: Billy is a bully, but he is blessed with a brilliant brain

***Allusion: making a reference to a striking event or person (References to the September 11 attacks as the second Pearl Harbor).

***Anaphora: Repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses, sentences, or lines. "With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right."

Antithesis: Juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas (often, although not always, in parallel structure). "It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of captivity."

Apostrophe: short expression of deep emotion, especially grief or indignation. "He wants to ban transgender people in the military? Seriously?!? Really?!? How is that legal?"

***Conciseness: brief and compact, without superfluous detail. "Now he is gone. Today we mourn him. Tomorrow we shall miss him."

***Dialogue: I sat down with the chair of the Nike Reuse a Shoe program last week. I asked him, "Why is this program important." He looked at me and said, "How many millions of shoes do you think are thrown away each year?"

***Exaggeration: George Bush said: "Never before has the world seen such horror."

Exergasia: Repetition of the same idea, changing either its words, its delivery, or the general treatment it is given. A method for amplification, variation, and explanation:

Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy; now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice; now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood; now is the time to make justice a reality for all God's children

***Hyperbole: Deliberate exaggeration for effect; it is often accomplished via comparisons, similes, and metaphors. "There will not be rest, nor tranquility, nor peace, ever, in America until these amazing people are granted citizenship rights."

Incrementum: Arranging words or clauses in a sequence of increasing force. "So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire... from the mighty mountains of New York... from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania... from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado... from the curvaceous peaks of California... from Stone Mountain of Georgia... from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee... from every hill and every molehill of Mississippi."

***Informality (colloquialisms): "Poverty? I kept thinking why? I just didn't get it."

***Inversion: (unusual word order) varying the order of words, such as putting the verb before the subject, for effect. JFK said "ask not what you can do for your country" in replace of "do not ask."

***Irony: putting together opposite impressions in one of two ways

1. Saying the opposite of what is meant; sarcasm (We recycle our bottles, our cans, and our newspapers, but why do we throw away our shoes? They're just as recyclable.)

2. Identifying circumstances that are the opposite of what you might expect (We give our best in these shoes, but isn't it time that our shoes give us all their best?"

***Maxim: short statement on the principle of life, often in the form of a proverb; memorable phrase that encompasses a larger theme (You're never too old to learn!)

***Memorable phrases: I'm just here so that I don't get fined.

***Metaphor: An implicit comparison made by referring to one thing as another. "When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir."

Onomatopoeia: use of sounds that resemble what they describe (whoosh of the tide, hiss of the snake, etc.)

Parallel structure: Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. "He was hurting when he woke up. He was hurting all day at work. He was hurting when he limped home."

***Personification: representing an idea or thing as living, speaking or acting human. "These shoes that you've used for all these months are just begging for one more use, and this program can do that."

Polysemy: Multiple meanings. There are at least two types of polysemy:

a) Strategic ambiguity, in which different audiences are persuaded because they interpret a message differently. "Take it from the farmer's own mouth. Wool. It's worth more. Naturally."

b) Resistive reading, in which an audience interprets a message counter to the author's meaning. "I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character" has been interpreted by opponents of affirmative action as a statement that King would want the program dismantled.

***Prolepsis: Refuting anticipated objections before the audience has a chance to give voice to them. "I know that you don't want to spend your time fixing these problems. You don't have the time. However...."

***Reflexivity: referring to self, audience, or situation. "We sit here and wonder why someone would want their child to suffer like this."

Repetition: repeating a key idea, word, argument or theme (Any Given Sunday: On this team we fight for that inch. On this team we tear ourselves and everyone else around us to pieces for that inch. We claw with our fingernails for that inch. Because we know when add up all those inches, that's gonna make the f---ing difference between winning and losing!")

***Reversal: turn a phrase around: "It's not the size of the dog in the fight, it's the size of the fight in the dog" or "Work less on making a living and more on making a life."

***Rhetorical questions: question asked by the speaker for which listeners quickly recognize an obvious or implied answer, but don't answer it out loud (Pro-war speech might use rhetorical questions as arguments from good/bad result or justice in asking rhetorical questions like, "Are we going to sit idly by as evildoers attack innocent civilians and threaten the security of our nation? Will we let thousands of people die in vain?")

***Short clauses: (long) sentences made up of short units that are presented with pauses (Earl Charles Spencer's Eulogy to Princess Diana, "Diana was the very essence of compassion, of duty, of style, of beauty.) Short clauses require effective delivery.

***Simile: a shortened metaphor, one thing is like another. (Talking to a man is like banging your head against a brick wall.)

***Simplicity: "I am proud of the fact apart from when she was on display meeting President Mandela we managed to contrive to stop the ever-present paparazzi from getting a single picture of her - that meant a lot to her."

***Stories: A short story relating to your topic

Style (grand, middle, plain):

Plain: everyday language

Middle: academic writing; more formal than every day speech

Grand: lots of stylistic ornamentation

Substitution: using unusual words in place of those normally used

1. Replace a thing with something related to it (Bush's use of the term "evildoers" in place of Taliban or terrorists)

2. Replace whole with part (police action instead of war)

3. Replace part with whole (referring to the military as a whole rather than individual units or branches)

***Understatement: "The last presidential election was a bit heated."

***Vividness: graphic, easy to picture, lots of adjectives and descriptive words

Here's the speech

1st main point - Overview of the shipping industry

1. What is the shipping industry?

a. Explain purpose

i. Connection: If you have ever ordered something online, theres a chance it was shipped via container ship. Even a significant amount of things purchased in-store arrived through the same method. The shipping industry is something that you and I and everyone we know rely on whether we know it or now. b. Give examples 2. How large is the shipping industry?

a. Number ports

b. Volume per day i. Oral footnote: The International Chamber of Shipping is a trade association for shipowners and operators, representing over 80% of the shipping industry. According to them, the shipping industry ships 11 billion tons of goods annually. That's 1.5 tons per person!

c. Number of people employed

2nd main point - Carbon emissions

1. Type of carbon emissions

a. CO2 emissions

b. In ocean pollution

2. Amount of carbon emissions

a. Oral footnote: The International Energy Agency is an intergovernmental organization focused on the global energy sector. It contains 31 member countries including The United States, China, India, and most of Europe. According to their 2022 study, international shipping accounted for about 2% of global energy-related CO2 emissions

3. Impact of carbon emissions

a. Examples of effects

b. Estimates of climate change without its impact

3rd main point - How it can change

1. Alternatives

a. Nuclear

b. Electric

2. Failure of industry to act

a. Shipping industry's knowledge

b. Lack of response

i. Oral footnote: Ship It Zero is a climate-focused public campaign with the goal of moving the world's largest retailers to zero-emission maritime shipping. In 2023 they looked into 18 of the world's largest retailers and their carriers and found a majority have a target date of 2050 for decarbonization which is far too late. Additionally, every one of them claimed to be using carbon scrubbers or liquified natural gas a solution which has been shown to be ineffective.