The ___________________________ structure is a shadow or invisible organization consisting of unofficial, yet often important, relationships among organizational members. Whereas the organization chart depicts who is supposed to report to whom, this social network structure represents who actually does influence whom.

Russell Ackoffs point in comparing organizational planning to a rain dance is that ______.

	a.	an organizations chief executive officer should be involved, even if only in an informal capacity, in the development of planning premises
	b.	those who prefer activity to thinking about the future may shirk their planning responsibilities if there is little accountability
	c.	planning is a physically consuming effort, but it can contribute to improved consumer satisfaction
	d.	planning may be a mere ritual that does not ultimately influence organizational action
	e.	organizational members should pray that unforeseen environmental changes are beneficial for implementing the plans that flow from their mission

Which is/are true about environmental forecasting?

	a.	Forecasting is used to develop planning premises.
	b.	Quantitative methods (e.g., statistical models) are more sophisticated than qualitative methods.
	c.	Quantitative methods are more effective than qualitative methods for detecting unforeseeable events.
	d.	a and b
	e.	all of the above

Which of the following is/are true about portfolio planning for multibusiness corporations?

	a.	It is sometimes sensible for a multibusiness corporation to allocate few resources to an SBU (strategic business unit) that is a question mark.
	b.	The decision to allocate resources to a given SBU may depend on decisions about allocating resources to other SBUs and on the decision-makers tolerance for risk.
	c.	A question mark may eventually become a star and a star may eventually become a cash cow.
	d.	a and b
	e.	all of the above

Which of the following is/are true about managerial control?

	a.	Control involves making sure that actual performance results meet objectives.
	b.	If results fall substantially lower than standards, management action is needed.
	c.	If results are substantially higher than expected, management action is needed.
	d.	a and b
	e.	all of the above