the study found no significant changes in beliefs for both the experimental and control groups after reading the articles, as the mean differences in pretest and posttest scores were zero for both groups. The experimental group's pretest (M = 4, SD = 1.22) and posttest (M = 4, SD = 1.79) scores, as well as the control group's pretest (M = 3.2, SD = 1.79) and posttest (M = 3.2, SD = 1.79) scores, showed no significant differences, supporting the null hypothesis that the articles did not significantly influence participants' beliefs. The effect size, calculated using Cohen's d, was -2.56, indicating a large negative effect size. This suggests a substantial difference between the sample mean difference and the population mean difference, although the context for interpreting this effect size is not provided