The terms data, information, and knowledge are often discussed as a progression. Identify a number written as such: 4018651000. If I write the number out as (401) 854-1000 would you know what the number is now? We would probably know it as a phone number, correct? The point is that data (the raw number) 'became' information when it was seen displayed in the proper context. The format provided meaning.

Does this mean we can only gather data if we know what to look for? If so, where does knowledge come from? What implications does this have for actual data collection? For instance, how much a priori knowledge must we have to make data gathering useful? How much a priori knowledge must we have to make data interpretation useful?