The textbook and$/$or Distance Learning Digest discussed the intentional tort of false imprisonment, and a "Merchant's Privilege" or "Shopkeeper's Privilege" against liability for false imprisonment when it detains a suspected shoplifter. To receive the "Merchant's Privilege" or "Shopkeeper's Privilege," a merchant or shopkeeper must:

possess probable cause against the suspected shoplifter

possess proof by a preponderance of the evidence against the suspected shoplifter

possess proof by clear & convincing evidence against the suspected shoplifter

possess proof beyond a reasonable doubt against the suspected shoplifter