There are four elements to consider$-$processing, structure, properties, and performance. $q,$ of a material depends on its properties, which in turn are a function of its structure$($s$)$; furthermore, structure$($s$)$ is $($are$)$ determined by how the material was processed.

The strength

The toughness

The performance

The cost

Materials Science and Engineering is the study of material behavior & performance and how this is simultaneously related to structure, properties, and processing. Which of the following is the best example of material processing?

Casting

Ductility

Density

Deteriorative