There has been much speculation over the years about the influence of subliminal messages on records. A professor was interested in whether backward masked messages really did have an effect. She took the master tapes of Footloose and created a second version that had the masked message "study more often" repeated in the chorus. She took this version and the original and played one version to a group of 32 people (randomly). She took the same group six months later and played whatever version they hadn't heard the time before. So, each person heard both the original and the masked version. The professor measured the number of hours that were studied in the week after listening to each version. It was hypothesized that the backward message would lead to less hours of study being accomplished. The data is in the file Footloose. Analyze the data with a Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Should a one-tailed or two-tailed test be conducted? Explain in one sentence.

What is the p-value for the test?

Is the null hypothesis accepted or rejected? Use alpha = 0.05.

What can be concluded from the test?

What is the effect size of the test?

What is the overall conclusion, considering the test results, the effect size and the means associated with each message?

How would you report the findings?