This project uses the same sleep data as was used in Mini Project $1$B$.$ If you haven't already,

enter the data into statistical software; see Mini Project IB Part $3$ for instructions, or check if

your instructor has additional instructions and has provided the data in an easy to copy and

paste format. If so$,$ then copy and paste the data according to the instructions provided online

by your instructor.

PART $1.$ FINDING CONFIDENCE INTERVALS

A confidence interval is an inference. This means that while a confidence interval uses a

sample mean and standard deviation for computations, the resulting interval is an estimate

of the population mean. This data has measurements from $39$ species of non$-$human mam$-$

mals. If these data are a sample, what is the population? Be specific. $($Record your answer in

the answer template if one is provided by your instructor.$)$

Use what you learned in Mini Project $1$ to use R $($or other software$)$ to compute the mean

and standard deviation of the three sleep variables; the dreaming times, the non$-$dreaming

times, and the total sleep times.

a$.$ If your instructor has an answer template for you to record your work online, then copy

and paste your results there. If not, record your results below.

Most researchers have to compensate for missing data. Sometimes, statistical software has a default way

to adjust,

Every NA in the data indicates that researchers don't have that information.

Sometimes R does computations by ignoring all NA values $($like when it made the graphs above$),$ and

The inclusion it doesn't, like when using the sd$()$ command.

the computation of na$.$rm$=$TRUE inside the sd$()$ command tells $R$ to remove any NA values and do

the computation with the remaining data. Review the instructions for Mini Project IB if Using r studio with input:

mammals $=$ structure$($list$($species $=$ structure$(1$:$62,.$Label $=$ c$("$Africanelephant$",$ "Africangiantpouchedrat", "ArcticFox", "Arcticgroundsquirrel", "Asianelephant", "Baboon", "Bigbrownbat", "Braziliantapir", "Cat", "Chimpanzee", "Chinchilla", "Cow", "Deserthedgehog", "Donkey", "EasternAmericanmole", "Echidna", "Europeanhedgehog", "Galago", "Genet", "Giantarmadillo", "Giraffe", "Goat", "Goldenhamster", "Gorilla", "Grayseal", "Graywolf", "Groundsquirrel", "Guineapig", "Horse", "Jaguar", "Kangaroo", "Lessershort$-$tailedshrew", "Littlebrownbat", "Man", "Molerat", "Mountainbeaver", "Mouse", "Muskshrew", "NAmericanopossum", "Nine$-$bandedarmadillo", "Okapi", "Owlmonkey", "Patasmonkey", "Phanlanger", "Pig", "Rabbit", "Raccoon", "Rat", "Redfox", "Rhesusmonkey", "Rockhyrax$($Heterob$)",$ "Rockhyrax$($Procaviahab$)",$ "Roedeer", "Sheep", "Slowloris", "Starnosedmole", "Tenrec", "Treehyrax", "Treeshrew", "Vervet", "Wateropossum", "Yellow$-$belliedmarmot"$),$ class $=$ "factor"$),$ body$\_$wt $=$ c$(6654,1,3\mathrm{.}385,0\mathrm{.}925,2547,10\mathrm{.}555,0\mathrm{.}023,160,3\mathrm{.}3,52\mathrm{.}16,0\mathrm{.}425,465,0\mathrm{.}550,187\mathrm{.}1,0\mathrm{.}075,3,0\mathrm{.}785,0\mathrm{.}2,1\mathrm{.}41,60,529,27\mathrm{.}66,0\mathrm{.}12,207,85,36\mathrm{.}33,0\mathrm{.}101,1\mathrm{.}04,521,100,35,0\mathrm{.}005,0\mathrm{.}01,62,0\mathrm{.}122,1\mathrm{.}35,0\mathrm{.}023,0\mathrm{.}048,1\mathrm{.}7,3\mathrm{.}5,250,0\mathrm{.}48,10,1\mathrm{.}62,192,2\mathrm{.}5,4\mathrm{.}288,0\mathrm{.}28,4\mathrm{.}235,6\mathrm{.}8,0\mathrm{.}75,3\mathrm{.}6,14\mathrm{.}83,55\mathrm{.}5,1\mathrm{.}4,0\mathrm{.}06,0\mathrm{.}9,2,0\mathrm{.}104,4\mathrm{.}19,3\mathrm{.}5,4\mathrm{.}05),$ brain$\_$wt $=$ c$(5712,6\mathrm{.}6,44\mathrm{.}5,5\mathrm{.}7,4603,179\mathrm{.}5,0\mathrm{.}3,169,25\mathrm{.}6,440,6\mathrm{.}4,423,2\mathrm{.}4,419,1\mathrm{.}2,25,3\mathrm{.}5,5,17\mathrm{.}5,81,680,115,1,406,325,119\mathrm{.}5,4,5\mathrm{.}5,655,157,56,0\mathrm{.}14,0\mathrm{.}25,1320,3,8\mathrm{.}1,0\mathrm{.}4,0\mathrm{.}33,6\mathrm{.}3,10\mathrm{.}8,490,15\mathrm{.}5,115,11\mathrm{.}4,180,12\mathrm{.}1,39\mathrm{.}2,1\mathrm{.}9,50\mathrm{.}4,179,12\mathrm{.}3,21,98\mathrm{.}2,175,12\mathrm{.}5,1,2\mathrm{.}6,12\mathrm{.}3,2\mathrm{.}5,58,3\mathrm{.}9,17),$ non$\_$dreaming $=$ c$($NA$,6\mathrm{.}3,$ NA$,$ NA$,2\mathrm{.}1,9\mathrm{.}1,15\mathrm{.}8,5\mathrm{.}2,10\mathrm{.}9,8\mathrm{.}3,11,3\mathrm{.}2,7\mathrm{.}6,$ NA$,6\mathrm{.}3,8\mathrm{.}6,6\mathrm{.}6,9\mathrm{.}5,4\mathrm{.}8,12,$ NA$,3\mathrm{.}3,11,$ NA$,4\mathrm{.}7,$ NA$,10\mathrm{.}4,7\mathrm{.}4,2\mathrm{.}1,$ NA$,$ NA$,7\mathrm{.}7,17\mathrm{.}9,6\mathrm{.}1,8\mathrm{.}2,8\mathrm{.}4,11\mathrm{.}9,10\mathrm{.}8,13\mathrm{.}8,14\mathrm{.}3,$ NA$,15\mathrm{.}2,10,11\mathrm{.}9,6\mathrm{.}5,7\mathrm{.}5,$ NA$,10\mathrm{.}6,7\mathrm{.}4,8\mathrm{.}4,5\mathrm{.}7,4\mathrm{.}9,$ NA$,3\mathrm{.}2,$ NA$,8\mathrm{.}1,11,4\mathrm{.}9,13\mathrm{.}2,9\mathrm{.}7,12\mathrm{.}8,$ NA$),$ dreaming $=$ c$($NA$,2,$ NA$,$ NA$,1\mathrm{.}8,0\mathrm{.}7,3\mathrm{.}9,1,3\mathrm{.}6,1\mathrm{.}4,1\mathrm{.}5,0\mathrm{.}7,2\mathrm{.}7,$ NA$,2\mathrm{.}1,0,4\mathrm{.}1,1\mathrm{.}2,1\mathrm{.}3,6\mathrm{.}1,0\mathrm{.}3,0\mathrm{.}5,3\mathrm{.}4,$ NA$,1\mathrm{.}5,$ NA$,3\mathrm{.}4,0\mathrm{.}8,0\mathrm{.}8,$ NA$,$ NA$,1\mathrm{.}4,2,1\mathrm{.}9,2\mathrm{.}4,2\mathrm{.}8,1\mathrm{.}3,2,5\mathrm{.}6,3\mathrm{.}1,1,1\mathrm{.}8,0\mathrm{.}9,1\mathrm{.}8,1\mathrm{.}9,0\mathrm{.}9,$ NA$,2\mathrm{.}6,2\mathrm{.}4,1\mathrm{.}2,0\mathrm{.}9,0\mathrm{.}5,$ NA$,0\mathrm{.}6,$ NA$,2\mathrm{.}2,2\mathrm{.}3,0\mathrm{.}5,2\mathrm{.}6,0\mathrm{.}6,6\mathrm{.}6,$ NA$),$ total$\_$sleep $=$ c$(3\mathrm{.}3,8\mathrm{.}3,12\mathrm{.}5,16\mathrm{.}5,3\mathrm{.}9,9\mathrm{.}8,19\mathrm{.}7,6\mathrm{.}2,14\mathrm{.}5,9\mathrm{.}7,12\mathrm{.}5,3\mathrm{.}9,10\mathrm{.}3,3\mathrm{.}1,8\mathrm{.}4,8\mathrm{.}6,10\mathrm{.}7,10\mathrm{.}7,6\mathrm{.}1,18\mathrm{.}1,$ NA$,3\mathrm{.}8,14\mathrm{.}4,12,6\mathrm{.}2,13,13\mathrm{.}8,8\mathrm{.}2,2\mathrm{.}9,10\mathrm{.}8,$ NA$,9\mathrm{.}1,19\mathrm{.}9,8,10\mathrm{.}6,11\mathrm{.}2,13\mathrm{.}2,12\mathrm{.}8,19\mathrm{.}4,17\mathrm{.}4,$ NA