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One approach to finding an answer to the question of where we could innovate is to use a kind of $$innovation compass$$ exploring different possible directions. Innovation can take many forms, but we can map the options along four dimensions $$ product, process, position and paradigm $($i$.$e$.,4$Ps framework$).$ Which of the following examples is NOT appropriate mapped on the $4$Ps framework?

Question $4$Answer

a$.$

Dyson redefining the home appliance market in terms of high$-$performance engineered products is paradigm innovation with incremental change.

b$.$

Spotify and other music streaming services, which changed the pattern from owning your own collection to renting a vast library of music, are examples of product $($or service$)$ innovation with radical change.

c$.$

Low$-$cost airlines opening up air travel to those previously unable to afford it is an example of position innovation with radical change.

d$.$

The first speech recognition program is an example of product $($or service$)$ innovation with incremental change.

e$.$

Improved factory operations efficiency through upgraded equipment are examples of process innovation with incremental change.