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Which of the following statements is true?

a$.$ It is often less profitable to focus on satisfying a valuable existing customer than to attempt to attract a new one.

b$.$ To calculate customer lifetime value, subtract sales from costs.

c$.$ It is difficult to calculate CLV$.$

d$.$ When marketers focus on customers chosen for their lifetime value, they earn higher profits in future periods than when they focus on customers selected for other reasons.

e$.$ Managing customer relationships is only important to small businesses,