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Elliot Parish is the owner of a paving company that bids on road and highway asphalt contracts. To handle the amount of work for the province, Parish Paving employs $7$ estimators. Rod has just quit his job and the manager, Finlay, has called a staff meeting with the remaining $6$ estimators. The news is simple $-$ Elliot Parish and the financial officer have decided not to replace Rod even though the office is quite busy!

Elliot's philosophy is simple $-$ get the guys to work smarter and harder!

The plan is to make the team more efficient by giving each estimator IPads that have a new app to streamline their work. Elliot has promised that if the team can manage this increase in productivity, the remaining team members will receive increases in bonuses and salaries over the long term.

The comments around the table begin as quickly as Finlay breaks the news. Knowing that motivation to work "smarter and harder" can mean an evaluation of effort, performance and outcome, match each expectancy on the left with the issue is being voiced in each of the following comments.

Negative Valence

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P$-$to$-$O expectancy

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Positive Valence

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E$-$to$-$P expectancy

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