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Culture influences us in a variety of ways, since the day we are born, and throughout our lifetime. Components of culture can be categorized by levels to help understand how culture influences different aspects of our lives. Model of culture by Dodd $(1998)$ groups cultural components into three levels. The three levels are inner core, cultural activities and institutions.

$1)$ Inner core: The inner core of culture consists of history, identity, beliefs, values and worldviews. These components of culture are very profound, deep$-$rooted, have been passed from generations to generations and strongly binds its members together. The inner core provides a sense of identify and window through which its members perceive reality and other people. $2)$ Cultural activities: Intermediate layer of culture includes activities and behaviours that are manifestations and expression of our cultural beliefs, identity, history, worldviews and values. These activities and behaviours reflect the cultural components of inner core. While the components are inner core are deep rooted and latent, components of intermediate layer are more noticeable. $3)$ Institutions: The outer layer of culture involves the institutions or formalized systems of a culture such as religious systems, health system, kinship systems, educational systems, political system and economic system. Cultural influences are reflected in these systems and institutions.

People from across the globe follow certain behavior patterns, norms, and communication styles. While there is no magic formula to understand behaviour of someone from other culture, we are able to observe strong, general, fundamental patterns of cultural behaviour across various cultures that members are likely to adopt and follow. Hofstede$$s model, developed by Geert Hofstede, is a framework used to understand the differences in culture across countries. $.$ Hofstede $(1980)$ compared work$-$related attitudes across more than $53$ different cultures and identified cultural dimensions that influenced the behaviours of individuals. These cultural dimensions include Power distance $($the degree of inequality in power distribution that exists in the society$),$ Individualism$-$collectivism $($extent to which society emphasizes individualism vs collectivism$),$ Masculinity$-$femininity $($whether society$$s dominant values emphasize masculine vs feminine traits$/$values$),$ Uncertainty avoidance $($extent to which a society tolerates ambiguity and accepts risk$),$ and Long$-$term vs short$-$term orientation $($cultural orientation towards time and values in social relations$).$

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Prioritizing group norms and group$-$harmony over competition and individual goals is an example of:

Question $5$Select one:

a$.$

Personal relationship

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b$.$

Individualism

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c$.$

Collectivism

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d$.$

Uncertainty avoidance

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In the context of cultural differences which of the following is true?

Question $6$Select one:

a$.$

By understanding where an individual comes from, and his$/$her educational background we are able to accurately predict his$/$her behaviour and actions.

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b$.$

We are able to observe strong, general, fundamental patterns of cultural behaviour across various cultures $($although there may be differences at individual level i$.$e$.,$ personality$)$

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c$.$

Some cultures are likely to change more over time than other cultures $($even if there are no external factors$/$causes at play$)$

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d$.$

For any culture, cultural attributes as observed today will be the same in future.