To determine if Reiki is an effective method for treating pain, a pilot study was carried out where a certified second-degree Reiki therapist provided treatment on volunteers. Pain was measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS) immediately before and after the Reiki treatment (Olson & Hanson, 1997) and the data is in following table: Table: Pain Measurements Before and After Reiki Treatment VAS before VAS after VAS before VAS after hundredth) a. Find the mean of the "VAS before" data sample (give answer to nearest A b. Find the mean of the "VAS after" data sample (give answer to nearest hundredth) A c. Find the sample standard deviation of the "VAS before" data sample (give answer to nearest thousandth) d. Find the sample standard deviation of the "VAS after" data sample (give answer to nearest thousandth) e. Comparing the means and sample standard deviations of the "before" and "after" lata samples, which of the following observations is TRUE? (enter number of answer you choose) 1. mean VAS is lower after treatment and is more consistent after treatment (data spread is narrower than spread of "VAS before" data) 2. mean VAS is lower after treatment but is less consistent after treatment (data spread is broader than spread of "VAS before" data) 3. mean VAS is lower after treatment and its consistency is approximately the as spread of "VAS before" data) nt (data spread is essentially same . mean VAS is lower after treatment but there is insufficient information to compare spreads of "VAS before" data and "VAS after" data to each other