To what does the phrase "Garbage in$,$ garbage out" refer?

Question $1$ options:

The need to keep a clean house

Inventory management procedures

The effect the quality of data has on decisions made informed by an analysis of those data

The effect that analyst ethics have on the quality of decisions

Question $2($Mandatory$)(8\mathrm{.}33$ points$)$

Saved

The value of a specific variable for a specific observation is

Question $2$ options:

a datum

data

univariate

categorical

Question $3($Mandatory$)(8\mathrm{.}33$ points$)$

Saved

The response scale $[1.$ Spruce $2.$ Hemlock $3.$ Maple $4.$ Oak $5.$ Cedar$]$ will yield $\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_$ data.

Question $3$ options:

nominal

ordinal

interval

ratio

Question $4($Mandatory$)(8\mathrm{.}34$ points$)$

Saved

The response scale $[$Lowest $12345$ Highest$]$ will yield $\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_$ data.

Question $4$ options:

nominal

ordinal

interval

ratio

Question $5($Mandatory$)(8\mathrm{.}33$ points$)$

Saved

To calculate a percentage change between values, we need $\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_$ data.

Question $5$ options:

nominal

ordinal

interval

ratio

Question $6($Mandatory$)(8\mathrm{.}33$ points$)$

Which data are not continuous or treated as continuous?

Question $6$ options:

U$.$S$.$ currency

Cargo shipping weights

Project completion times

Number of defects in production runs

Question $7($Mandatory$)(8\mathrm{.}34$ points$)$

The closing values of the S&P $500$ Index for each trading day in $2020$ are what type of data?

Question $7$ options:

Interval

Multivariate

Cross Sectional

Time Series

Question $8($Mandatory$)(8\mathrm{.}33$ points$)$

Random sampling is used to minimize$/$eliminate

Question $8$ options:

bias

error

cost

effort

Question $9($Mandatory$)(8\mathrm{.}33$ points$)$

Study a sample rather than a population when

Question $9$ options:

the population is small

the act of testing$/$studying destroys the item being tested$/$studied

the required sample size approaches the population size

there is a database containing the population data

Question $10($Mandatory$)(8\mathrm{.}34$ points$)$

Selecting every kth item from an ongoing production line is

Question $10$ options:

simple random sampling

judgement sampling

systematic sampling

stratified sampling

Question $11($Mandatory$)(8\mathrm{.}33$ points$)$

Response error can be caused by

Question $11$ options:

selection bias

social desirability

sampling error

lack of a true zero

Question $12($Mandatory$)(8\mathrm{.}33$ points$)$

By using random sampling methods, the analyst demonstrates a bias toward

Question $12$ options:

random sampling error

expert judgement

convenience

bias