True centrifugal casting is performed horizontally to make large diameter copper tube sections.

The tubes have a length $=1\mathrm{.}0m,$ diameter $=0\mathrm{.}25m,$ and wall thickness $=15mm.$ If the rotational

speed of the pipe $=700re\frac{v}{m}in,$ determine the G$-$factor on the molten metal. Is the rotational speed

sufficient to avoid "rain?" What volume of molten metal must be poured into the mold to make

the casting if solidification shrinkage and contraction after solidification are considered?

Solidification shrinkage for copper $=4\mathrm{.}5\%,$ and solid thermal contraction $=7\mathrm{.}5\%.$ If a true

centrifugal casting operation were to be performed in a space station circling the Earth, how would

weightlessness affect the process?