Under current auditing standards, the auditor is required to:

a$.$ Undertake a fraud$-$risk assessment, but not for planning and performing auditing procedures to detect immaterial misstatements.

b$.$ Undertake a fraud$-$risk assessment to include planning and performing auditing procedures to detect immaterial misstatements.

c$.$ Undertake a fraud$-$risk assessment, but not for planning and performing auditing procedures to detect immaterial misstatements unless such misstatements are caused by fraud $($rather than error$).$

d$.$ Undertake a fraud$-$risk assessment to include planning and performing auditing procedures to detect immaterial misstatements, whether caused by fraud or error.