Use truth tables to determine whether the argument forms are valid. Indicate which columns represent the premises and which represent the conclusion, and include a sentence explaining how the truth table supports your answer. Your explanation should show that you understand what it means for a form of argument to be valid or invalid.

$($a$)$

$pq$

$qp$

:$.pvvq$

$($b$)$

$pvvq$

$p$notq

$pr$

:$.r$

$($c$)$

$(p^{{?}^{?}}q)$notr

pvvnotq

notq$p$

:$.$notr

$($d$)$

$pr$

$qr$

:$.(pvvq)r$