Using first differences (lag-1 differencing) is a useful to

a:) Remove quarterly seasonality from a series.

b:) Remove both trend and seasonality in one step.

c:) Remove a trend, especially if the shape of the trend is not fixed throughout the time period

. d:) Make a trend more easy to visualize.

7:) The greatest smoothing effect is obtained by using

a:) a moving average based on a small number of periods.

b:) the root-mean-square error.

c:) the barometric method.

d:) exponential smoothing with a small weight value

. 8:) When using simple exponential smoothing, if we want our forecast to be very responsive to recent values in the time series, the value of alpha should be:

a:) small b:) moderate c:) large d:) zero

9:) The R function ets (which stands for error, trend, seasonality) is used for simple exponential smoothing. What happens if you do not specify a value for alpha when executing the ets function?

a:) R will calculate the optimal value of alpha using the maximum likelihood method (effectively minimizing the RMSE in the training period).

b:) R will return an error because the function is not completely specified.

c:) R will assume an alpha equal to 0.5.

d:) R will use the last value of alpha that was specified.

10:) The Holt-Winter exponential smoothing model is most appropriate for a time series that has

a:) A trend, but no seasonality

b:) Seasonality, but no trend

c:) Both trend and seasonality

d:) Neither trend nor seasonality