Using predicate logic, represent the following sentence: "All birds can fly."

To represent the sentence "All birds can fly" in predicate logic, you can use the following symbols:

B(x): x is a bird

F(x): x can fly

Using predicate logic, represent the following sentence: "Some cats are white."

To represent the sentence "Some cats are white" in predicate logic, you can use the following symbols:

C(x): x is a cat

B(x): x is white

Using predicate logic, represent the following sentence: "Some animals are mammals, and some animals are not mammals."

To represent the sentence "Some animals are mammals, and some animals are not mammals" in predicate logic, you can use the following symbols:

A(x): x is an animal

M(x): x is a mammal

Using predicate logic, represent the following sentence: "Some apples are not ripe."

To represent the sentence "Some apples are not ripe" in predicate logic, you can use the following symbols:

A(x): x is an apple

R(x): x is ripe

Using predicate logic, represent the following sentence: "All students who study hard pass the exam."

To represent the sentence "All students who study hard pass the exam" in predicate logic, you can use the following symbols:

S(x): x is a student

H(x): x studies hard

P(x): x passes the exam