Using the balance sheet and income statement data for Procter & Gamble (P&G) and Unilever for the fiscal year 2019, answer the following questions:

($ millions)	P&G	Unilever
Net sales	$67,684	$58,210
Cost of goods sold	$33,256	$28,234
Gross profit	$34,428	$29,976
Operating expenses	$19,500	$16,300
Operating income	$14,928	$13,676
Interest and other (income) expense	$1,500	$1,100
Earnings before provision for income taxes	$13,428	$12,576
Provision for income taxes	$4,029	$3,772
Net earnings	$9,399	$8,804

Required: a. Calculate the gross profit margin, operating profit margin, and net profit margin for each company. b. Compute the return on equity (ROE) and return on assets (ROA) for both companies. Assume P&G's equity is $70,000 million and total assets are $230,000 million, while Unilever's equity is $65,000 million and total assets are $200,000 million. c. Determine the debt-to-equity ratio for both companies. d. Discuss the profitability and financial leverage of both companies based on your calculations. e. Compare the operational efficiency of both companies by calculating the asset turnover ratio.