VAM stands for: (a) Value added method, (b) Value assessment method, (c) Vogel Adam method, (d) Vogels approximation method. ( ) 12. MODI stands for (a) Modern distribution, (b) Mendel's distribution method, (c) Modified distribution method, (d) Model index method. ( ) 13. In the optimal solution, more than one empty cells have their opportunity cost as zero, it indicates (a) The solution is not optimal; (b) The problem has alternate solution, (c) Something wrong in the solution, (d) The problem will cycle, ( ) 14. In case the cost elements of one or two cells are not given in the problem, it means: (a) The given problem is wrong, (b) We can allocate zeros to those cells, (c) Allocate very high cost element to those cells, (d) To assume that the route connected by those cells are not available. ( ) 15. To solve degeneracy in the transportation problem we have to: (a) Put allocation in one of the empty cells as zero, (b) Put a small element epsilon in any one of the empty cells, (c) Allocate the smallest element epsilon in such a cell, which will not form a closed loop with other loaded cells, (d) Allocate the smallest element epsilon in such a cell, which will form a closed loop with other loaded cells. ( )