Variable interest$$s potential risk and return includes which of the following?

Liability purchase options: increases in fair value benefit variable interest entity $($VIE$)$

Nonparticipation rights: residual profits entitled to variable interest entity $($VIE$)$

Subordinated debt instruments: subordinated debt may be required to absorb gain when variable interest entity $($VIE$)$ cash flow is sufficient to pay the senior level debt

Subordinated debt instruments: subordinated debt may be required to absorb loss when variable interest entity $($VIE$)$ cash flow is not sufficient to pay the senior level debt