We learned that Push-based supply chains take production and distribution decisions based on long-term forecasts. Which of the following is a disadvantage of Push-based supply chains? Select one:

a. Quicker reaction time to a changing marketplace.

b. Variability of the orders received upstream in the supply chain is smaller than the variability in the customer demand due to the bullwhip effect.

c. Large safety stocks or unacceptable service levels.

d. Lower costs.

e. Ability to meet changing demand patterns.