What are the fundamental differences between a beam and a column in structural engineering? How do these differences influence their respective design considerations, such as load$-$bearing capacity, stiffness, and resistance to bending and compression? How does the choice of materials, such as concrete, steel, or timber, affect the design and performance of beams and columns? How do engineers ensure that beams and columns meet safety standards and structural integrity requirements in building construction? How do factors like span length, cross$-$sectional shape, and support conditions impact the design and behavior of beams and columns in various structural systems?