Question: What are the key considerations in designing and constructing underground structures, such as tunnels and underground parking garages, in urban environments? How do factors like

What are the key considerations in designing and constructing underground structures, such as tunnels and underground parking garages, in urban environments? How do factors like geology, hydrogeology, and urban infrastructure interact to influence the feasibility and safety of underground construction projects? How can engineers mitigate risks related to ground settlement, groundwater ingress, and soil contamination during the excavation and construction of underground structures? How do advances in tunneling technology, such as tunnel boring machines and sprayed concrete lining, improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of underground construction? How can underground structures contribute to sustainable urban development by optimizing land use and reducing surface congestion?

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