What are the key differences between the fair value through net income $($FVTNI$)$ and equity method $($EM$)$ for equity investments in US GAAP?

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The classification is based on the investor's level of ownership, the recognition of dividends received, and the measurement of the investment at fair value.

The classification is based on the investor's level of ownership, the investor's intent, and the equity recognition in the investee's income.

The classification is based on the investor's level of control, the recognition of dividends received, and the measurement of the investment at cost$.$

The classification is based on the investor's level of control, the recognition of unrealized gains or losses, and the measurement of the investment at fair value.