What is a constructive$$ dividend? Under what circumstances is the IRS likely to argue that a constructive dividend has been$$ paid?

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Part $1$

A$.$

A manner in which the IRS or courts will characterize an excessive dividend payout from corporations. The IRS will disallow the dividend when there is a taxable loss for the corporation in the current year.

B$.$

A way the IRS can ensure closely held corporations pay employees a fair wage by making wages public knowledge if they feel$$ shareholder$-$employees are leading excessive lifestyles. The IRS argues a constructive dividend when comparing industry standards from one employee base to another.

C$.$

A manner in which the IRS or the courts might characterize an excessive corporate payment to a shareholder to reflect the true economic benefit conferred upon the shareholder. The IRS argues constructive dividends when they feel excessive compensation is paid to a$$ shareholder$-$employee.

D$.$

A way for corporations to allow lease payments to be paid out in dividend income even if the corporation is in a taxable loss. The IRS will argue constructive dividends when there are excessive lease payments made to an employee.