What is blame avoidance within organizations?

Select one:

a$.$The act within an organization of making decisions or assigning tasks in a manner that mitigates anything being blamed on anyone.

b$.$The problem of public sector employees playing government contractors for poor efficiency in delivering public services

c$.$It is the process of covering up mistakes in order to avoid budgetary cuts and public scrutiny

d$.$Creating a false perception about the efficiency of the organization and its budget