What is formalization?

a$)$ the management level at which decisions are made in an organization

b$)$ the way in which tasks in an organization are divided into separate jobs

c$)$ the number of employees each supervisor is responsible for within an organization

d$)$ the determinant of formal authority relationships or who reports to whom within an organization

e$)$ the degree to which rules and procedures are used to standardize behaviors and decisions in an organization