What is meant by soldiering?

a$)$ The systematic slowdown in work by laborers with the deliberate purposed of keeping their employers ignorant of how fast the work can be done

b$)$ A systematic statement, based on observations, of how the management process might best occur, given stated underlying principles

c$)$ An arrangement of related or connected parts that form a whole unite

d$)$ An approach to management that stresses the manager's role in a formal hierarchy of authority and focuses on the task, machines, and systems needed to accomplish the task efficiently