What is the main difference between executive branch agencies and independent agencies? Executive branch agencies enforce federal laws, while independent agencies create and enforce their own rules and regulations. Executive branch agencies are headed by officials who serve at the pleasure of the president, while independent agencies are headed by commissioners or board members who have fixed terms and cannot be easily removed. Executive branch agencies are created by Congress, while independent agencies are created by the president. Executive branch agencies have broad regulatory authority over all aspects of the economy, while independent agencies focus on specific industries or issues.