1. What is the significance of DNA supercoiling in molecular biology, and how does it affect DNA structure and function?

2. Explain the concept of DNA methylation and its role in epigenetics. How does it impact gene expression?

3. What is the function of telomeres in molecular biology, and how are they associated with cellular aging and cancer?

4. What is the role of molecular chaperones in protein folding, and how do they prevent protein misfolding and aggregation?

5. Describe the process of DNA repair mechanisms in molecular biology and their importance in maintaining genome stability.

6. What are non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and how do they regulate gene expression?

7. Explain the principles of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and its applications in molecular biology, including DNA amplification and genetic testing.

8. What are restriction enzymes, and how are they used in molecular biology to manipulate DNA for various purposes, including cloning and genetic engineering?

9. What is the role of transcription factors in gene regulation, and how do they bind to specific DNA sequences to control gene expression?

10. How do molecular biology techniques, such as DNA sequencing and genome editing using CRISPR-Cas9, contribute to our understanding of the human genome and its potential for therapeutic applications?

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