What techniques can be used to reduce page table shadowing overhead and/or reduce NPT induced overhead?

Directions: For systems to be able to support multiple virtual machines, two levels of memory virtualization would be needed. Each of the virtual machines would control the mapping of the virtual address to the physical address. The hypervisor would then map the physical address of each of the virtual machines to the machine address. To help speed up the process of these mappings, shadow paging is used to help duplicate each of the virtual machines page tables in the hypervisor. It would intercept the virtual address to the physical address mapping changes to keep both copies consistent. To help remove some of the complexity of the shadow page tables, a hardware approach called a nested page table supports the two classes of page tables and can navigate through these tables within hardware directly.

Consider the following sequence of operations:

1) Create Process

2) TLB Miss

3) Page Fault

4) Context

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