What types of vulnerabilities are commonly introduced through improper memory management in C programs, and how can these be mitigated?

Use$-$before$-$free occurs when memory is freed, but a pointer to it is still used, which can be mitigated by setting the pointer to NULL after freeing.

Buffer overflows happen due to insufficient bounds checking, which can be avoided by using functions like strncpy instead of strcpy$.$

Memory leaks occur when dynamically allocated memory is not freed, which can be mitigated by using garbage collection.

Double free vulnerabilities can be prevented by carefully tracking memory allocation and ensuring that each block of memory is freed exactly once.