When two variables covary, the a. variables are causally related b. relationship between the variables is spurious c. variables are related to each other d. variables tend to change together have something in common with each other A distribution which contains more extreme low scores than extreme high scores is called One of the most serious disadvantage in using secondary data is that they a. offer little opportunity for replication b. give only an approximation of primary data c. rarely provide the scope and depth that primary data d. are more costly than primary data If two variables are highly correlated, it can be inferred that one causes the other. Select one: True False In questionnaires, a major disadvantage with open-ended questions is a. they can be very easy to interpret b. they are very long c. they are generally more difficult to word than close-ended questions d. call for responses that are very difficult to analyze Qualitative research is distinguished from quantitative research by a. its sensitivity to ethical concerns b. its unscientific approach c. its neatly ordered sequence of steps d. the setting in which its observations are made Questions concerning age, sex, and marital status are classified as The question "Should govemment guarantee all Open Campus graduates a job?" is a question. A sample of students at UWIOC that is representative of the student population in terms of gender, class, and degree can best be done by using a. stratified sampling b. cluster sampling c. purposive sampling d. simple random sampling The starting point of all scientific research is a. outlining a theory b. developing a research design c. identifying the variables d. stating the problem Y=a+bX is the formula for