Which method does the operating system primarily use to interact with devices?

a$.$ Memory$-$mapped I$/$O

b$.$ Direct Memory Access $($DMA$)$

c$.$ Interrupts

In log$-$structured storage, data is always written to the disk in random fashion, leading to higher

fragmentation and slower read$/$write performance compared to traditional file systems.

a$.$ True

b$.$ False

A sequential workload $($reading a $2MB$ file$)$ reads a large number of sectors from the disk.

Compared to the random workload $($reading a $4$KB file$),$ which component of the total I$/$O time

will likely be significantly reduced?

a$.$ Rotational Latency

b$.$ Transfer Time

c$.$ All of the above

d$.$ Seek Time

Which data structure could be utilized to efficiently track the allocation status of individual

blocks on the disk in the described file system implementation?

a$.$ Stack

b$.$ Bitmap

c$.$ Hash Table

d$.$ Queue