Why is it inevitable for a civil engineer to know the properties of building materials?

What should be the essential factors for selection of suitable building materials for a given construction project?

Write two distinctive properties of metals, polymers and ceramics. Give one example belonging to each group.

Identify all the components involved in the equation for the Brinell Test.

$BHN,=\frac{P}{\frac{D}{2}(D-\sqrt[\phantom{2}]{D^2-d^2})}$

i$.$ A $10-$mm$-$diameter Brinell hardness indenter produced an indentation $1\mathrm{.}62mm$ in diameter in a steel alloy when a load of $500kg$ was used. Compute the $BHN$ of this material.

ii$.$ What is the diameter of an indentation to yield a hardness of $450HB$ when a $500kg$ load is used?

$5.$ In polymer science, what does the terms thermosets and thermoplastic mean?

$6.$ A tensile stress is to be applied along the axis of a cylindrical brass rod that has a diameter of $10mm.$ Determine the magnitude of the load required to produce a $2\mathrm{.}5{10}^{-3}mm$ change in diameter if the deformation is entirely elastic. Given that, the poisson's ratio for brass is $0\mathrm{.}34$ and its modulus of elasticity is $97$GPa.

$7.$ Write short notes on the following terms:

i$)$ Crystallography

ii$)$ Unit cell

iii$)$ Amorphous material

$8.$ Copper has an atomic radius of $0\mathrm{.}128nm,$ an FCC crystal structure and an atomic weight of $63\mathrm{.}5\frac{g}{m}ol.$

i$.$ Calculate theoretical density and compare with measured density which is about $8\mathrm{.}94\frac{g}{c}{m}^3.$