With the use of link encryption, network$-$layer headers $($e$.$g$.,$ frame or cell header$)$ are encrypted, reducing the opportunity for traffic analysis. However, it is still possible in those circumstances for an attacker to assess the amount of traffic on a network and to observe the amount of traffic entering and leaving each end system. An effective count gtmeasure to this attack is:

Traftic Padding

W$.$ Number only used once $($Nonce$)$

x Digital signature

X$.$ The use of Public$-$Private Key pair