Write a concise, evidence-based report (4-6 pages, double-spaced, 12pt Times New Roman, not including references and an appendix) analysing a real-world Canadian pollution problem. This may be a historical case largely resolved or an ongoing issue. If the problem is transboundary (e.g., Great Lakes, air shed), analyse it from the Canadian side (but make reference to the transboundary nature). Tell the full policy story: Why does the pollution occur? Who emits? How does exposure translate to damages? What instruments are feasible under Canadian institutions, and why? Which instrument would you recommend for efficiency and equity? If historical, explain how it was addressed and assess outcomes. Name the pollutant, pathway (air/water/soil), and Canadian location (province/territory; municipality or watershed where relevant). Identify emitting sectors/firms and the production choices leading to emissions; note any current Canadian policies in place. Trace exposure health/ecosystem outcomes economic outcomes. Summarise feasible controls (technology/process change or behaviour) and discuss costs. Map to instruments covered in class (CAC, taxes, cap-and-trade, subsidies) in the Canadian context. Recommend an instrument (or package) and justify on efficiency and equity grounds. Use at least five high-quality sources. Include one figure or table with real data (e.g., emissions trend, damage rates, MAC/MD ranges). Label units and the Canadian data source (e.g., NPRI, ECCC monitoring). Any consistent academic citation style is acceptable with in-text citations. Valid Sources Use: Peer-reviewed journal articles; Government of Canada (e.g., Environment and Climate Change Canada, Health Canada, Transport Canada), provincial/territorial ministries, Statistics Canada; intergovernmental bodies relevant to Canada (IJC/GLWQA, CEC), reputable Canadian NGOs/think- tanks; textbooks. Avoid: Wikipedia, generic blogs, unsourced op-eds as evidence. Generative AI output is not a source. If used, disclose (see below) and locate and cite original sources for all claims.Lang School of Business and Economics Department of Economics and Finance Aspects to Analyse Apply at least 4: 1. Clear problem definition: pollutant, pathway, Canadian geography, time frame, sector/goods. 2. Damages: health/ecosystem/economic; where possible connect to a marginal damage rela- tionship or credible valuation (WTP, avoided cost). 3. Options & costs: technology/process/behaviour; interpret evidence as elements of a MAC (direction, curvature, heterogeneity). 4. Canadian institutions & law: briefly identify relevant statutes/regulations (e.g., Fish- eries Act, CEPA, provincial environmental protection/water acts, municipal bylaws), and jurisdictional roles (federal/provincial/municipal/Indigenous). 5. Policy instruments & efficiency in Canada: Compare taxes, cap-and-trade, standards, subsidies for your case; discuss implementers (federal vs provincial) and monitoring/enforcement realities. 6. Valuing benefits/damages: Monetise benefits of abatement (e.g., health endpoints, avoided water treatment costs); cite estimates if available. 7. Climate interactions: How does climate change alter emissions, fate/transport, damages, or costs over time? 8. Equity and distribution: Who bears damages vs. compliance costs (by income, region, Indigenous communities)? Incidence under taxes vs. free allocation; use of revenues for equity. Example Canadian Pollution Problems: Water Lake Erie cyanobacterial blooms (Canadian nearshore and Western Basin inputs). Walkerton, Ontario drinking water contamination. Grassy Narrows / English-Wabigoon River mercury contamination. Mount Polley tailings dam breach (British Columbia). Elk Valley selenium in the Kootenay River system. Hamilton Harbour Remedial Action Plan / Areas of Concern. Northern Pulp / Boat Harbour legacy contamination. Oil sands tailings and seepage management.Lang School of Business and Economics Department of Economics and Finance Example Canadian Pollution Problems: Air Wildfire smoke and fine particulates (PM2.5) exposure in Canadian cities. NOx/SO2/PM from oil sands upgrading and power generation (Alberta/Saskatchewan). "Chemical Valley" (Sarnia) industrial air pollutants and community exposure. Urban ozone/PM smog episodes (e.g., Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver). Rail/port emissions corridors and neighbourhood exposure (e.g., Vancouver Lower Mainland).