write a proposed strategy approach taking this in consedaration, In order to address these challenges, it is essential that the Johannesburg Metro adopts an appropriate organizational orientation. One possible approach is to adopt a transformational leadership style. This type of leadership focuses on inspiring and motivating employees to work towards a shared vision and mission, and encourages innovation and creativity. The organization could also benefit from adopting a systems thinking approach, which would enable them to consider the interconnectedness of different departments and how they can work together to achieve their goals. $$ Emphasize the need for a holistic approach that integrates leadership development, organizational restructuring, and stakeholder engagement.

$$ Provide specific recommendations for initiatives such as:

$$ Leadership training programs to enhance understanding of the organization's role and responsibilities.

$$ Reevaluation of organizational structures to streamline decision$-$making and improve agility.

$$ Collaborative partnerships with relevant stakeholders to leverage resources and expertise in addressing urban challenges.

$$ Implementation of performance measurement mechanisms to monitor progress and adapt strategies as needed$\mathrm{.}1)$ What was Rune Todnem $(2005)$ Organisational change management: A critical review trying to argue, what was his argument

Rune Todnem $(2005)$ conducted a critical review on organizational change management. His argument was to highlight the importance of effective change management in organizations. He emphasized that successful change implementation requires careful planning, communication, and employee involvement. Todnem argued that organizations should adopt a holistic approach to change management, considering both the technical and human aspects of the change process. He also emphasized the need for leadership support and the creation of a positive organizational culture to facilitate successful change.

$2)$ Stephen Cummings, Todd Bridgman and Kenneth G Brown $(2015)$ Unfreezing change as three steps: Rethinking Kurt Lewin

Lewin's approach to change management, known as the Unfreeze, Change, and Refreeze model, consists of three steps: Unfreezing: In this step, the focus is on preparing the organization or individuals for change. It involves creating awareness of the need for change and overcoming resistance to change. The goal is to create a sense of urgency and willingness to embrace new ideas. Change: Once the unfreezing process has taken place, the actual change is implemented. This step involves putting new ideas, processes, or technologies into practice. It may require training, communication, and support to ensure that people are able to adapt and work effectively with the changes. Refreezing: In the final step, the new changes are reinforced and stabilized. The goal is to ensure that the changes become a part of the organization's culture and are sustained over time. This step helps to ensure that the changes are not just short$-$term fixes but become long$-$term solutions. Lewin's approach to change management is based on the idea that people resist change due to a lack of awareness or understanding of the need for change. By creating awareness and overcoming resistance through the unfreezing process, individuals are more likely to embrace and adapt to the changes. The change process itself is often complex and requires careful planning and support to ensure its success. Finally, reinforcing the changes through refreezing helps to ensure that the changes become a part of the organization's culture and are sustained over time. Final answer: Overall, Lewin's approach to change management emphasizes the importance of understanding the need for change, overcoming resistance, and creating a culture that embraces and sustains change. $1)$ What was Sandford Borins $(2002)$ Leadership and innovation in the public sector... trying to argue, what was his argument

Sandford Borins argues that leadership and innovation in the public sector are essential for addressing complex and urgent challenges that require fresh thinking and new approaches. He contends that the public sector, as the provider of essential services and regulator of key industries, must embrace leadership and innovation to improve the quality of life for citizens and create sustainable communities. Borins asserts that leadership in the public sector involves developing a vision for the future and setting goals that align with societal needs. It requires fostering a culture of innovation, risk$-$taking, and experimentation, where employees are encouraged to generate and implement new ideas. Leaders in the public sector must also be effective communicators, able to articulate a compelling vision and build consensus among stakeholders. Innovation in the public sector, according to Borins, involves rethinking traditional approaches and exploring new technologies, processes, and partnerships. It requi