write a summary citing the citations used, are significant differences among group means. Tukey's HSD (Honest Significant Difference), Bonferroni adjustment, and Scheff's procedure are examples of common post-hoc tests. When performing multiple comparisons, these tests account for the Type I error rate and offer more thorough information that is predicated on the rejection of the ANOVA null hypothesis. Reliability and Validity Using the same instrument in a different context that isn't meant for additional variables could lead to issues with validity and reliability. Accuracy and consistency may suffer if items, language, or measurement scales are altered. Local definitions of concepts may affect the content validity of the instrument, according to McGregor (2018). To maintain these qualities, it is essential to use the tool often and validate its usefulness through methods like content analysis or pilot studies. Reliability issues may arise from variations in administration or participant interpretations, whereas validity issues may arise if the instrument is unable to evaluate the intended constructs in a novel setting. Powner states that validity may be jeopardized since participants may understand questions differently based on their educational environment or school culture (2015). Additionally, biases brought forth by cultural and environmental differences may affect responses. Resolving these problems is crucial to obtaining valuable data