yask : $20\mathrm{.}0$#

What are the fundamental theories underpinning civil engineering, and how do they influence the discipline's practices and advancements? Explore key theoretical frameworks such as structural analysis, fluid mechanics, soil mechanics, and transportation engineering. Discuss their applications in designing and constructing infrastructure projects, ensuring safety, durability, and sustainability. How do these theories integrate with emerging technologies like computer$-$aided design $($CAD$),$ Building Information Modeling $($BIM$),$ and artificial intelligence $($AI$)$ to enhance efficiency and innovation in civil engineering practices? Additionally, how do environmental considerations and societal needs shape the evolution of these theoretical foundations in the context of modern challenges like climate change and urbanization?