You are interested in constructing a cell that will NOT activate p$53$ in response to DNA damage. Knowing what you know about the sequence of events involved in this process, how could you accomplish this?

Select one:

a$.$ express mutant forms of ATM and ATR that are

cross out

constitutively active

b$.$ over$-$express PUMA

cross out

c$.$ change the endogenous copies of Mdm$2($both

cross out

copies$)$ such that the amino acid residues that mediate binding to p$53$ are changed $($so that Mdm$2$ cannot bind p$53$ any more$)$

d$.$ change the endogenous p$53$ genes $($both

cross out

copies$)$ such that the phosphorylation sites that regulate the interaction with Mdm$2$ cannot be phosphorylated