You have been tasked to look at the initial phase of planning and development of a

typical small$-$scale hydropower plant project in South Africa. Table $1$ below shows the

data within world acceptable guidelines.

Table $1.$ Costs of typical small$-$scale hydropower plant components

Considerations:

$*$Civil works capital costs are $200\%$ of planning and design

$*$Ratio of Electro$-$mechanical equipment capital costs and Implementation costs is

$2\mathrm{.}666$ to $1$

$*$Assume the capital costs related to planning and design is R$2250000$

$2\mathrm{.}1.$ Estimate the capital cost $($R$)$ for each component. Show clearly in detail how you

calculate the costs of all components.

$2\mathrm{.}2.$ Determine the total operating and maintenance $(O$&$M)$ costs $($in Rands$)$ in the

case shown below $($for $1-$year period$)$:

Civil works $(O$&$M)=0\mathrm{.}4\%$ of civil works capital costs

Transmission $(O$&$M)=0\mathrm{.}3\%$ of total capital costs

Operation $(O$&$M)=0\mathrm{.}20\%$ of total capital costs

Insurance $(O$&$M)=0\mathrm{.}3\%$ of total capital costs

Electrical and mechanical works $(O$&$M)=2\mathrm{.}50\%$ of electro$-$mechanical equipment

$($turbines$,$ generators and controls$)$ capital costs